How Psychology Defines and Explains Deviant Behavior

Deviant behavior is any behavior that is contrary to the dominant norms of society. There are many different theories on what causes a person to perform deviant behavior, including biological explanations, sociological explanations, as well as  psychological explanations. While sociological explanations for deviant behavior focus on how social structures, forces, and relationships foster deviance, and biological explanations focus on physical and biological differences and how these might connect to deviance, psychological explanations take a different approach. Psychological approaches to deviance all have some key things in common. First, the individual is the primary unit of analysis. This means that psychologists believe that individual human beings are solely responsible for their criminal or deviant acts. Second, an individual’s personality is the major motivational element that drives behavior within individuals. Third, criminals and deviants are seen as suffering from personality deficiencies, which means that crimes result from abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes within the personality of the individual. Finally, these defective or abnormal mental processes could be caused by a variety of things, including a diseased mind, inappropriate learning, improper conditioning, and the absence of appropriate role models or the strong presence and influence of inappropriate role models. Starting from these basic assumptions, psychological explanations of deviant behavior come mainly from  three theories: psychoanalytic theory, cognitive development theory, and learning theory. How Psychoanalytic Theory Explains Deviance Psychoanalytic theory, which was developed by Sigmund Freud, states that all humans have natural drives and urges that are repressed in the unconscious. Additionally, all humans have criminal tendencies. These tendencies are curbed, however, through the process of socialization. A child that is improperly socialized, then, could develop a personality disturbance that causes him or her to direct antisocial impulses either inward or outward. Those who direct them inward become neurotic while those that direct them outward become criminal. How Cognitive Development Theory Explains Deviance According to the cognitive development theory, criminal and deviant behavior results from the way in which individuals organize their thoughts around morality and the law. Lawrence Kohlberg, a developmental psychologist, theorized that there are three levels of moral reasoning. During the first stage, called the pre-conventional stage, which is reached during middle childhood, moral reasoning is based on obedience and avoiding punishment. The second level is called the conventional level and is reached at the end of middle childhood. During this stage, moral reasoning is based on the expectations that the child’s family and significant others have for him or her. The third level of moral reasoning, the post-conventional level, is reached during early adulthood at which point individuals are able to go beyond social conventions. That is, they value the laws of the social system. People who do not progress through these stages may become stuck in their moral development and, as a result, become deviants or criminals. How Learning Theory Explains Deviance Learning theory is based on the principles of behavioral psychology, which hypothesizes that a person’s behavior is learned and maintained by its consequences or rewards. Individuals thus learn deviant and criminal behavior by observing other people and witnessing the rewards or consequences that their behavior receives. For example, an individual who observes a friend shoplift  an item and not get caught sees that the friend is not punished for their actions and they are rewarded by getting to keep the stolen item. That individual might be more likely to shoplift, then, if he believes that he will be rewarded with the same outcome. According to this theory, if this is how deviant behavior is developed, then taking away the reward value of the behavior can eliminate deviant behavior.

Essay about Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto - 1261 Words

Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels formulates the basic concepts of Communism. Faith and reason can be used to explain parts of this document. The Communist Manifesto has definite views dealing with faith, and along with this, religion. In the Manifesto, Marx states that religion is not needed in Communism because a society under Communism is classless. Marx uses reason to explain what will happen to society due to the materialism of the Industrial Revolution. Marx reasons how society will become classless under the rule of communism. The proletariat, defined as the lower working class, will take over the bourgeoisie, defined as the upper class, because of the†¦show more content†¦The upper class exploits the lower class, which is In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions.3 Religion camouflages a method of manipulation that the upper class uses to its advantage while ruling over the lower classes. Delos McKown, a professor at Auburn University, enlarges this concept saying, It cannot be denied that institutionalized religion has vested interests surprisingly like those of the ruling elite [†¦] this amounts to the cant, deceit, and exploitation which Marx perceived in religion and for which he loathed it.4 The second reason explains that religion is an eternal truth and, Communism abolishes eternal truths.5 These eternal truths that Marx refers to are the ideas that have adapted to all the changes in society in history and include such things as religion, morality, and philosophy. Denis Janz, a professer at Loyola University, reports that religion is a product of society6 and because of this all traditional forms of Christianity are no longer viable.7 Eduard Heimann summarizes Marx’s idea by explaining that religion is a phenomenon in history and, under the dialectical law of history, has its preliminary necessity and function, just as its final disappearance is necessary.8 Marx sees religion as just a method one class uses to control another class.Show MoreRelated Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marxs The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx explains the history of all societies as the history of class conflicts, he claims that the power and direction of all societies is determined by the modes of production, as such when the mode of production no longer suits the relations of society there is a revolution. He predicts that a revolution is coming between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and calls its coming inevitable. Marx argues that the bourgeoisiesRead More The Revolution of 1848 and Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto1430 Words   |  6 PagesThe Revolution of 1848 and Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto There were two major things that happened in Europe in 1848. One of those things was the Revolution of 1848. The other was the publication of the Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx. The Revolution of 1848, and the Communist Manifesto tie into each other very well. The Revolution was calling for a change in society, and so was Marx through the writing of his Manifesto. The revolution was a foundation for changesRead More Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto and the Industrial Proletariat1413 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marxs Communist Manifesto and the Industrial Proletariat Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto was most appealing to and revolutionary for the industrial workers of 1848 (and those to come after that time). The call for unification of the proletariat and abolishment of the Bourgeoisie was an urgent one during a time of rapid progress in all aspects of industrial life. This urgency of The Communist Manifesto and the desire for change of political ideologies (to match the exponential rateRead MoreEssay about Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto1353 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marxs Communist Manifesto Faith and Reason Communism can seem very desirable. â€Å"It argued a world without war, in which the meek and the disadvantaged would share without distinction, the anticipated material and spiritual abundance generated by advanced.†(Gregor 19) This seems as though it would be the ideal form of government but in reality it is far from that. I will tell you about three of the most powerful communist countries of the twentieth century. The countriesRead More Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie in Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto1065 Words   |  5 PagesProletariat vs. Bourgeoisie in Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels attempt to explain the reasons for why there is class struggle and suggest how to prevent class separation. According to Marx there are two different types of social classes: the bourgeoisies and the proletarians. The bourgeoisie are capitalists who own the means of production and the proletarians are the working classes who are employed by the bourgeoisiesRead More The Effects of Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto on Human Values1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto on Human Values What was it like living in the times before the Communist Manifesto was introduced to society? What kind of affect did this document have on the values of the average family? How did it influence the values of the individual? Sometimes these values where affected in a way that does not come directly from the release of the Manifesto but instead vicariously through other events brought on by the document. Overall, an interestingRead More Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto and Its Impact on Society Essay example1255 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marxs The Communist Manifesto and Its Impact on Society According to the humanities based themes, autonomy and responsibility are defined as â€Å"the individual person has the ability to make choices; with those choices comes a responsibility for the consequences of those choices.† [i] This can be related to the Communist Manifesto, which was written by Karl Marx in the 1800’s. Even deeper though, it correlates the class struggles that were apparent in Europe in the eighteenthRead More Karl Marx and His Radical Views Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx and His Radical Views Karl Marx[i] Karl Marx is among the most important and influential of all modern philosophers who expressed his ideas on humans in nature. According to the University of Dayton, â€Å"the human person is part of a larger history of life on this planet. Through technology humans have the power to have an immense effect on that life.†[ii] The people of his time found that the impact of the Industrial Revolution would further man’s success within thisRead MoreThe Great Philosophies From The 19th Century1386 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the 19th century was Karl Marx. The German native born May 5 1818 was known for his works as not only a philosopher but an economist, journalist revolutionary socialist and sociologist. Marx’s different varieties of work influenced his understanding of society and and the economy during his time period. Once Marx got older, he moved to London England where he progressed his ideas and even collaborate with Friedrich Engels with whom he published numerous works. Marx’s most well known piece ofRead MoreAnimal Farm: a Compare and Contrast on Karl Marx Communist Manifesto1037 Words   |  5 PagesResearch the life of Karl Marx. What were the fundamentals of his Communist Manifesto and how do they compare to the ideas expressed by Old Major in Animal Farm. Animal Farm is a novella written by George Orwell in 1945. This particular story by George Orwell reflects on the events leading up to and during Stalin era in Russia. During the time he wrote, the work of Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto was being followed by the Russian leaders, and some of Marx’s ideas can be found in

Companies of Fast Food and Junk food Should Stop Selling Unhealthy Food free essay sample

Most of people in United States have the knowledge of how junk food and fast food restaurants are bad for our health. Also most of people in US who eat continuously junk food and fast food mostly do not know how to stop eating fast food and junk food because they can’t. Nevertheless, Fast food restaurants and junk food with great marketing are everywhere in United States. The real problem is for the one who eat continuously fast food and junk food almost four-five days aweek or more becauese eating fast food and junk food continuously leads to serious health problem which is obesity. Although, obesity has been a serious health problem for many decades in United States and it has been increaesd every year. However, fast food and junk food companies should stop selling bad food for many good reasons and the government is the most responsible one to stop these companies selling bad food. We will write a custom essay sample on Companies of Fast Food and Junk food Should Stop Selling Unhealthy Food or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also the government is the most responsible one to help people to create environment that support healthy eating, rather than undermines it. However, the government of United States did not take or find any cure action for this problem until now. Although, fast food and junk food companies have to stop selling bad foods because they have very deceptive marketing industry which have bad impact to health and children. First, marketing of fast food and junk food influence of what we eat because today, fast food restaurants and junk food are nearly ubiquitous in United States. For example burgers, fries, pizza, soda, candy, and chips are everywhere to find at any time in United States, and you will not find apples, bananas and salads everywhere at any time. In United States, there is a huge marketing of fast food restaurants and junk food compared to healthy foods marketing. In simple form, fast food restaurants food and junk food companies in US rely on cheap prices, make their food look good, make their food easy to find at any time. Moreover most store pushing junk food not fresh fruit for example, you will find in all grocery stores and supermarkets in US have candy and many kind of junk food on display at the checkout. Also now days, when you walk to a modern drugstore to get cough  medicine or pain reliever with prescription, you would have to walk all the way back of the store to get your medicine and typically you would have to walk by soda, ships and other junk food. However, we all agree that junk food and fast food restaurants are not healthy, but the problem is that junk food and fast food restaurants marketing have all ways to get into our lives and health but we cannot stop it. Junk food and fast food restaurants companies should stop selling bad foods and start to sell healthy food otherwise those companies should not be exist in our environment. Second, there are more than hundreds researches by many educated people proved and agree that junk food and fast food restaurants are unhealthy because it contain high amount of fat and calorie. The consumption of high calorie and high fat in junk food and fast food can cause difficulty to control the weight. People, who eat junk food and fast food 4-5 days a week, will get lead into serious health problem, which is obesity. Moreover Obesity also, can lead to many serious health problems such as diabetes, heart disease and stroke. People who have hard time to stop eating junk foods and eating from fast food restaurants, it is because their bodies were programmed to seek calorie dense foods. Although, the Medical Society of the State of New York informed that 30 percent of the population in in United States is now considered obese with the rate of overweight children tripling in the past two decades, and the trend is likely to continue. In addition Junk food and fast food restaurants reflect to many people’s health in USA. CBC news reported that in 2010, there 190 million people in United States are overweight or obese, and 147 billion spent every year for obesity-related diseases. However, government of Untied States should stop and take a cure action to those fast food restaurants and junk food companies which sell unhealthy food. Third and last, our children are the most important things in our environment, because typically they are the future and the one who will be exist in the environment after us. Because of fast food restaurants and junk food have impact on our children health, there is estimates that this generation of children may be the first one to live fewer years than their parents. Children in United States who is 5 to 16 years old, does not have  the knowledge of how much the risk of eating continuously junk food and fast food because mostly junk foods and fast food restaurants are everywhere in their lives for example in schools, in all grocery stores and ads either in T.V or streets. Therefore, there are 17 percent of children who are obese or overweight in United States in 2010 and the rate had been tripled in the last two decades. It’s true that parents are responsible for what their children eat, but it is hard for them to hide their children from their environment which support un healthy food everywhere. However, those companies should stop selling unhealthy foods to our kids, otherwise we will have in the future larger rate of sick children and unhealthy generations. If we didnt find cure for this problem, our children may ask us why we did not protect them from the junk food and fast food companies. In the end, there are many lists of reasons to stop those companies selling unhealthy food but health and children are the best reasons to start with, because they are the most important things in our lives. The government of US is the most responsible one than parents to help to stop those companies selling unhealthy food, although the government did not take any cure or real action to solve this problem. In addition there are many solutions to solve this problem such as restraint those companies to sell healthy food or change the economics so that unhealthy food costs less and healthy food costs more. There were many solutions were offered to the government to solve this problem but the question is, does the government want to solve this problem or not?!

Plants Essays - Plant Anatomy, Plant Morphology, Plant Physiology

Plants Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even other plants. They have always been very important to people, not only for food, but also for clothing,weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter and a great many other purposes. Both humansand animals benefit from plants. We eat many different types of plants such as fruits andvegetables. We also use plants for our herbs. Plants are also used to manufacture manydifferent products such as shampoos, rubber, paper, and camera film. In some countries,fermented sugar cane is used instead of gasoline. Animals use plants in many differentways also. They eat many fruits and other plants. Many animals use plants for shelter. Plants also provide animals with protection from predators. The destruction of differentplants sometimes leads to animals becoming endangered or extinct. The basic structure of plants consists of roots, stem, leaves, flower and/or fruit or seeds. A flower is the part ofthe plant that makes the seeds. The main parts of a flower are the carpels and stamens. These parts are often found in the center of the flower. There are egg cells in the carpeland pollen cells in the stamen. All flowers have four basic parts: sepals, petals, carpels,and stamen. Different flowers have different numbers and shapes of these parts. Mostplants can be divided into one of two general categories: herbaceous or woody plants. Herbaceous plants have soft stems, while woody plants are tree-like. Herbaceous plantsproduce completely new stems each year. The approaching cold weather causes the newstems to die back to the ground. Some herbaceous plants survive periods of cold byforming underground bulbs, or tubers used for food storage. Many herbaceous plantscomplete their life cycles within one growing season and the whole plant dies, even theroots. These annuals produce seeds that will form new plants the next year.Land plantsare divided into two groups based on whether they have vascular tissues or not. Allnonva scular plants are placed in one division. There are nine divisions of vascular plants. These are divided based on whether they form seeds or not.Division Bryophyta -nonvascular plantSClass - Musci - the mossesDivision Pterophyta - ferns, group ofseedless plantsDivision Coniferophyta - cone-forming seed plantsDivision Anthophyta -fruit-forming seed plants Class - Monocotyledonae Class - DicotyledonaeChapter2ROOTSRoots help to anchor a plant in the ground. . Plants generally conform to one oftwo root systems, a taproot system or a fibrous root system. . When the plant is grownfrom cuttings, a fibrous root system will form.Every root grows a mass of tiny hairs nearits tip to absorb water from the soil. These tiny hairs are called root hairs, and they aremade from cells. They take water to the main root. The main root brings the water to themain plant. The roots also help hold the plant in the ground. The inside of a roothas four different parts. The epidermis is the outside part. It is like our skin. It protectsthe inside parts of the root, like our skin protects us. Plants take in water from the soilthrough their roots. The water passes through the vascular rays until it reaches the centerof the root, the stele. This is where the veins are located. The veins are called xylem. They carry the water and food through the plant. Between the epidermis and the stele isthe fleshy cortex.Land plants are divided into two groups based on whether they havevascular tissues or not. All nonvascular plants are placed in one division. There are ninedivisions of vascular plants. These are divided based on whether they form seeds or not.Stems support the plant. They transport vitamins, minerals and water up and down insidethe plant. They also serve as a storage area for plants.There are several different types ofstems such as, woody, herbaceous, stolons, rhizomes, and bulbs. These are describedbelow. Herbaceous, non-woody, plants have vascular tissues arranged in bundles. Thesevas cular bundles are either scattered throughout the stem or found in a ring toward theedge of the stem. The stems of herbaceous plants remain upright because of the structureof the cells in the stem. The individual cells have rigid walls. . In woody plants, thephloem is located in a ring near the stem while the xylem is located more to the inside. The stem also takes on different appearances

Global warming is occurring

Introduction Global warming refers to the rise in the normal temperature of the earth’s near-surface atmosphere and water bodies ever since the middle of the twentieth century and its predictable continuation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global warming is occurring specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, in the year 2007, the universal surface temperature rose by 0.74 to 0.180C for the duration of the twentieth century (National Research Council, 6). This was the panel’s fourth assessment report and the study concluded that a better part of this phenomenon referred to as global warming in is as a result of human activity. Climate representation extrapolation concluded in the most up-to-date IPCC report point out that the earth’s surface temperature is to be expected to go up an additional 1.1 to 6.40C during the twenty first cen tury. Even as some quarters dispute these projections and disagree with existing evidence of global warming as being caused majorly by human activity, the facts are just too compelling. The main cause of this phenomenon is the accumulation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere and these bar heat from escaping from the earth’s surface (Ramaswamy, 1138). Thus, a way(s) of reducing the amount of these gases in the atmosphere needs to be worked out. Occurrences illustrating increase in global temperature Sea levels getting higher For the last century, observations show that sea levels moved higher world over. The average figure stood at more or less seventeen centimeters. Observations show that the order at which the level went up in the last decade is shockingly almost two times that of the last century. An example of an area going through this phenomenon is the marshland going under water at Bayou Chitigue, Louisiana. The estimated sea-level rise for this marshland is 1.38 centimeters per year. For a period of four years, straight up buildup averaged 2.07 centimeters annually which means the land’s elevation was corresponding to the increase in sea level. Coastal marshlands constitute the most useful ecological units in the world. These lands at the land-ocean periphery offer loads of direct gains to humanity, as well as home for money-making fisheries and wildlife, storm defense, enhanced water quality by way of deposit, nutrient and effluence elimination, leisure, and visually pleasing values (Peterson, 17).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These precious ecological units will be extremely susceptible to the consequences of the fast increase in sea level projected to take place in the course of the next century as an outcome of global warming. Rise in global temperature Every single one of the three main un iversal surface temperature reconstructions gives an indication that the planet has become hotter ever since 1880. The largest part of this warming has taken place from the 1970s, with the twenty hottest years taking place from 1981 and with all ten of the hottest years taking place in the last twelve years. The years beginning in 2000 up to date have seen a reduction in solar output with the period 2007 to 2009 a noticeable solar least amount. Despite this, surface heat levels keep on rising (National Research Council, 11). The effects of increase in universal temperature are evident from the outbreak of a variety of viral ailments like malaria. The causal agents of these illnesses thrive well in environments with elevated temperatures. The outbreaks have especially been experienced in the developing world. As a result, the economies and health of people are affected negatively. Mortality rates of both children and adults have gone up in the last two decades. Economies suffer becau se a larger part of the resources are directed at curbing these ailments through vaccinations and efforts to eliminate the causal agents altogether. Other than viral infections, high temperatures pose difficulties to persons with cardiovascular complications. In severe occurrences, persons have lost lives as a result of heatstroke aggravated by elevated temperatures. High temperatures also lead to heat fatigue difficulties and respiratory difficulties as a result of harm to lung tissues which is a danger to persons with asthma. Warming oceans The world’s oceans have taken up a great deal of the augmented heat, with the upper seven hundred meters, that is, two thousand three hundred feet, of ocean illustrating increase of 0.3020F ever since 1969 (Peterson, 18).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global warming is occurring specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Increasing heat levels have an effect on the physical nature of all oceans. As air temperatures go up, water density decreases and the water parts from a nutrient-filled chilly stratum underneath. This forms the starting point for a sequence effect that affects all oceanic life that depends on these nutrients for continued existence. The most pronounced effects of this warming on oceanic populaces are alterations in natural homes and food provision and shifting ocean alchemy. Single-celled plants, phytoplankton, that thrive at the ocean floor and algae utilize the process of photosynthesis for making food. The process takes away carbon dioxide from the air and changes it into natural carbon and oxygen which provides for virtually all ecological units. Studies show that phytoplankton survives in cooler oceans. In the same way, algae which are a plant on which other oceanic life feeds is declining due to oceanic warming. Thus, the most important nutrients are barred from finding their way upward and are stuck to a small stratum near the floor. Annual growth cycles have been affected leading to disruption of entire oceanic food chains. Heat-driven organisms like phytoplankton have commenced their annual growth phase earlier in the season as a result warming oceans (National Research Council, 13). Creatures that once traveled to the floor for nourishment are now hitting upon areas devoid of nutrients. Migration patterns that never existed before have been manifested along the east and west coasts. For instance, heat tolerant groups have spread out northward. The effect of this is a new jumble of species in a totally new location, in the end leading to alterations in predatory routines (Peterson, 18). Those species that will not be able to become accustomed to their new environment will die and become extinct. The chemical composition of oceans is another aspect that is being altered due to increasing global temperatures. Higher carbon dioxide levels being emitted into oceans cause a rise in their acidity. With higher acidity levels, phytoplankton is trimmed down. The result is reduced marine plants to absorb greenhouse gases. Elevated acidity levels also impact negatively on other life forms like corals and shellfish. These might become extinct with time if nothing is done to counter global warming. Disappearing ice sheets Ice sheets at Greenland and Antarctic are diminishing at high rates. Statistics from NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment illustrate how Greenland dropped ice ranging from 150 to 250 Km3 annually from two thousand and two to two thousand and six. Antarctica dropped more or less 152 Km3 of ice in the period from two thousand and two and two thousand and five.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ice sheets outline the earth’s surface and form the principal freshwater source. Shrinking ice sheets put many humans at risk from floods, rise in sea levels, droughts and deficiency in drinking water (Church and White, 18). The areas that are majorly threatened include Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and several other small island nations. Ecological units in these areas are being messed up and life that has been thriving there now faces extinction if nothing is done. Animals that won’t thrive in flooded areas such as polar bears face such threats. Extreme weather events Quite a number of excessive climate events have taken place in the last few years and they are as a result of global warming. These include pronounced heat waves and intense precipitation. They are expected to increase if appropriate steps are not taken to curb rise in global temperatures (Peterson, 18). Their effects are detrimental and lead to loss of lives since they are difficult to predict. How to curb gl obal warming This phenomenon needs to be brought to a stop to avoid further negative effects and make the planet habitable for all forms of life. The first step needs to be reducing, reusing and recycling waste. We need to choose reusable commodities as opposed to non-reusable ones. Production of commodities with least packaging needs to be encouraged. Recycling can be done on paper, plastics, glass and even metal products. This goes a long way in reducing up to an approximated two thousand for hundred pounds of carbon dioxide per year (National Research Council, 17). Humanity needs to use minimal amounts of heat and air conditions in homes, offices and even in transportation means like vehicles. We can begin by insulating our walls and setting up weather stripping about all building openings in a bid to reduce warm up costs by an estimated twenty five percent. Practices like turning down the heat while asleep or off in the course of the day and maintaining heat levels all the times are recommended. Statistics indicate that maintaining thermostats at two degrees lesser in winter and upper during summer is likely to keep at bay more or less two thousand pounds of carbon dioxide annually. Car owners need to drive less and smart. Reduced driving translates to fewer carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Mass transportation systems like trains are effective. Whenever driving, we need to ensure that the vehicle is running resourcefully. Tires need to be appropriately inflated and the entire engine well serviced (National Research Council, 19). Every liter of fuel saved keeps carbon dioxide off our atmosphere in addition to saving on running costs. All of us need to ensure we plant trees and maintain the world’s forest cover to maintain our world green. In the course of photosynthesis, these plants take in carbon dioxide as they release oxygen. With many of them then there will be a good balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Conclusion T he general consensus is that global warming is as a result of human activity. Therefore, efforts need to be directed at environmentally safe practices if the planet is to remain habitable for people, other animals and plants. Universal cooperation efforts such as the Kyoto Protocol need to be encouraged and all world states need to back such efforts. Works Cited Church, J. A. and N.J. White, A 20th century acceleration in global sea level rise, Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L01602, doi:10.1029/2005GL024826. (2006). National Research Council (NRC), 2006. Surface Temperature Reconstructions For the Last 2,000 Years. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Peterson, T. C. et.al., â€Å"State of the Climate in 2008,† Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 90, no. 8, August 2009, pp. S17-S18. Ramaswamy, V. et.al., â€Å"Anthropogenic and Natural Influences in the Evolution of Lower Stratospheric Cooling,† Science 311 (24 February 2 006), 1138-1141. This essay on Global warming is occurring was written and submitted by user Amaya Zamora to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Las Vegas Geology Highlights

Las Vegas Geology Highlights The glittering city of Las Vegas has done all it can to blot out the desert. But the region is a wonderland of natural attractions, too. Start with the Desert The American desert is a world-class destination all by itself, of course. Its such an iconic setting, familiar from Western movies, music videos, and car ads, that it feels like home even the first time you go there. Any place in the desert is special, but there are really noteworthy sites near Las Vegas. As you arrive, look around and drink in the sight of endless stone. Las Vegas Valley is a downdropped basin typical of hundreds in the Basin and Range, the geologic province that extends over all of Nevada and a little beyond it on all sides. Over the last 25 million years or so, the Earths crust here has been stretched in an east-west direction to around 150 percent of its former width, and the surface rocks have broken into strips of mountains running north-south. As a result the hot material beneath has bulged upward, turning Nevada into a high plateau rich in metal ores and geothermal energy. Numerous earthquakes have been recorded there during this century as the areas tectonic activity continues. The high elevation and the upwind barrier of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range on the west has made the Basin and Range a very dry place, one where the mountains remain bare and settlements sparse. Typical desert landforms- playas, dunes, desert pavement, arroyos, alluvial fans and bajadas- are plentiful, and bedrock outcrops and fault traces are well exposed. Geologists love deserts. Just Add Water Las Vegas was once a small settlement named Bringhurst, but it got its current name from the grasslands (las vegas, the meadows) that once grew in the valley. In the desert, grass represents a shallow water table, and in the Las Vegas Valley grass was a sign of the natural faults that force the water table near the ground surface there. Las Vegas languished as a tiny railroad town, serving the nearby mines, until the Colorado River was dammed to create Lake Mead in the 1930s. The city has also exploited the aquifers beneath the Las Vegas Valley so that even if the city vanished tomorrow, the meadows would not return. The availability of enough water to boat in and fill pools helped turn Las Vegas into the tourist destination it is today. While the Las Vegas Strip makes spectacular playthings out of water, the rest of the city tends to landscape itself in gravel and cactus. The University of Nevada campus here is an elegant example of this approach, and worth a visit just for the grounds. The geology department building has hallways lined with display cases full of excellent rock and mineral specimens, too. Las Vegas Geologic Sites There are many beautiful places to see while youre in town. Three great national parks- Grand Canyon, Zion and Death Valley- are within reach for budget travelers, but let me focus on places nearer Las Vegas. Just west of the city is Red Rock Canyon Conservation Area, a prime destination for rock climbers. But you can just take a slow drive through the colorful formations if you like. One of the geologic highlights is an excellent exposure of the dramatic Keystone Thrust, where ancient crustal motions 65 million years ago shoved great thicknesses of gray limestone on top of younger beds of red sandstone. An hour or so northeast of Las Vegas is Valley of Fire, Nevadas first state park. The geologic setting is similar to Red Rock, but in addition this park features many ancient petroglyphs, rock art left by the local tribes including the mysterious Anasazi. Take my Valley of Fire tour here.About.coms Betsy Malloy has her own photo tour.Heres visitor information for Valley of Fire daytrippers.Try a guided 4WDÂ  of Valley of Fire. Both Red Rock Canyon and Valley of Fire are places that display the Sevier Thrust Belt, a gigantic zone of tectonic upheaval that stretches from the Las Vegas area into Canada. The thrust belt records a continental collision far to the west, on the continents edge, during Cretaceous times about 80 million years ago. There are other places near Las Vegas where you can see its signs. To the north of Las Vegas is the understated Upper Las Vegas Wash, where locals come to get away from it all while geologists come to explore the rich fossil record. Take a visit. To the south, you can take trails down to the Colorado River valley below Hoover Dam. And many more destinations are listed in my Nevada Geology category. Maybe a desert hot spring or an all-terrain vehicle tour is more to your liking. Given all these possibilities, Im about ready to go live there full time myself. PS: Among the people who DO live there amidst the tinsel and the scenery are some righteous salt-of-the-earth types, proud of their small desert towns. After youve had your fill of Las Vegas, why not unwind in a quiet little place like Blue Diamond, Nevada, the town that sheetrock built.

World Trade Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World Trade Organisations - Essay Example The WTO aims mainly at providing assistance for the producers of goods and services, exporters and also importers for basically conducting their businesses effectively (WTO, 2010). Applying to the WTO for a trade dispute is based in a series of steps. These include, firstly, becoming a member of the WTO, following which the first stage includes the consultation which lasts for almost 60 days. Here the aim is to identify if the parties are able to find a solution between themselves and all the implementation of the rulings and recommendations are constantly monitored by the WTO (UNDERSTANDING THE WTO, 2010). Post this stage of the application, the panel is introduced to the parties and the Dispute Settlement Body. Here this groups work toward providing the final ruling or recommendations to the two countries. The types of cases and disputes that are introduced in the WTO for solutions are very varied and come from various backgrounds. Of these one of the most famous cases of a trade dispute was that of the Caribbean bananas which was initiated in September 1997 and went on to become a world famous case. The case was initiated by the US government on behalf of a US based brand - Chiquita Brands against the Europes Lomà © Convention which gave preference to the small banana producers and provided a chance for exports to across the world (Costantini, 2001). Here in this case the ruling of the WTO was to ensure that no discrimination is made based on the where or how the food was produced and also no discrimination based on how the food was created. The ruling led to an impact on the European Unions and the trade agreements with the African Caribbean and Pacific countries (Costantini, 2001). As explained by the WTO in the list of its cases, the outcome for the case was as follows, â€Å"The U.S. and E.U. reached an agreement to begin to dismantle the barriers to

Professional skills and ethics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Professional skills and ethics - Term Paper Example Corporate Social Responsibility in Marketing in the Aviation Industry Over the years, environmental interests and various laws and regulations have caused for there to be a general change in the way most organizations view the notion of sustainable business actions. Most of the companies in the aviation industry frequently find that they how have to constantly ask themselves is to what extent do they happen to act responsibly. The paramount reason that causes companies to engage in business is to ensure that the owners and employees stand to gain various economic benefits. Any other actions by the various businesses are frequently considered to be secondary responsibilities and most firms have been ignoring them over the past years (Sun et al. 2010). In recent times that a new system of business has emerged that has forced players in the industry to change the way they conduct business due to the increasing awareness of corporate social responsibility and the vast impact that the ind ustry has on the environment (Sun et al. 2010). ... s customers coupled with the customer’s frequent desire to obtain the very best of services at reasonably decent prices makes it a prerequisite for most of the industry’s operators to ensure that they market their product as being innately cost efficient while offering their customers the very best services that are available. Companies and various operators in the industry are finding this to be increasingly difficult to do due to their incurring rather high operating costs which have been seen to affect and have a profound influence in the entire industry (Flouris and Yilmaz 2011). The Challenges Facing the Conduction of Responsible Business Practices for both Individuals and Organizations in the Aviation Industry Environmental Challenges. The aviation industry is facing the challenge of developing appropriate and sustainable CSR models because it has been forecast that the industry should poise itself for a rather tremendous general increase in the rate of flight tra ffic over the next 15 years. The increased air traffic will consequently result in a general increase in raw material consumption, increased carbon emissions as well as an overall increase in pollution that is resultant of the industries activities. Industry Marketers are finding that they increasingly need to develop actions that will appease and fulfill all the stakeholders’ expectations as well as ensuring that the airlines are sufficiently taking care of the environment (Phillips 2006). Efforts by marketers in the aviation industry to promote the various players in the industry as having appropriate corporate social responsibility practices are being severely hampered by a report released by the Aviation Environment Federation which showed the estimated damage to the environment and society

Study abroad for Turkish students Essay Example for Free

Study abroad for Turkish students Essay From the later periods of Ottoman Empire, generally, Turkish students have a dream about having their education in abroad. Taking an education in foreign countries seems to be very advantageous for Turkish students because improved social structure and modern cities attracts their attention. Although foreign education standards seem to be attractive, they have a lot of disadvantages. The main disadvantages of study abroad for Turkish students are low education standards in state universities and high education costs. Low education standards in foreign state universities are a disadvantage for Turkish students, because abroad universities can not provide adequate education standards for them. First, as a consequence of professors unmotivated mood, Turkish students can not have a chance to ask their questions about their lessons. Also, students from turkey unable to concentrate to their lectures because of lecture halls overcrowded circumstance. So, Turkish students are getting inadequate degrees. Second, Turkish students have to do lots of researches in their university but, if foreign universities fails to find a sponsorship to finance their researches there will be no research, as a result of lack of money. For instance, as mentioned in the Growing pains (2002) text New Zealand home universities and research centers lack inspiration and research funding. So, Turkish students in New Zealand Universities can not learn how to use a lab or experiments about their lectures. On the other hand, In Turkish universities professors can earn enough money and universities can support students researches from their own budgets. As a result Turkish students can get qualified education from their university. High education costs forces Turkish students to think about not only their education and future, but also their tuition fees and other expenses. In Turkey state universities are nearly free but in US State Universities students have to pay $3,700 for tuition, so this difference surprises their families who are supposed to finance their children; in addition, Turkish Private Universities are generally charged $10,000 per year but the top price of US private Universities can reach $30,000 per year, as a consequence study abroad concerns only rich Turkish families. Another  consequence is, students tried to earn money by working part-time, rarely full-time, to afford their tuition fees and share that burden, partly, from their . For example, a student who lives in Oxford has to work full-time as a waitress and parents but this affects their graduation grades. However, in Turkish universities, students can attend their classes without a fear about the university payments because there have been lots of scholarship types in every university and the tuition fees are prepared according to the average income of Turkish families. In Conclusion, low education standards and high education costs in abroad, makes Turkish students education difficult for them. Although some European countries have well-organized universities, they have some racial problems besides the money based problems, so Turkish students have to take their education in their own land.

Right And Wrongs Of Animal Rights And Experimentation Philosophy Essay

Right And Wrongs Of Animal Rights And Experimentation Philosophy Essay Animal experimentation is a controversial issue that has been debated for thrity-five years. In early 1970, a group of students of Oxford academics shared their opinions about animal rights by writing an article for the Sunday Times. One member of the group, Richard Ryder, wrote three articles in the Daily Telegraph stating his views concerning the wrongness of animal rights and scientific experimentation. After doing so, Ryder wrote a pamphlet titled Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry to the Maltreatment of Non-Humans, and in response to Ryders pamphlet, an Australian philosopher, Peter Singer, put forth his beliefs about animal rights. After Singer responded, he published a piece called Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals in 1975. This portion of work noted the beginning of the Animal Rights Movement, also known as Animal Liberation Movement. Many animal-rights activists, professionals, and philosophers argue that testing is morally wrong, while scientists , who test new products on our furry, little friends, argue that there is nothing wrong with it. This paper will explain the outlooks of those who are against animal experimentation and believe animals deserve the same rights as humans, those who are moderate, feeling that a middle ground should be established, and one who conducts the experiments and is for animal experimentation. Animal Rights uses each chapter to explain a persons beliefs concerning animal rights. The introduction begins by mentioning Peter Singer and explaining his arguments for animal rights. In Animal Liberation, Singer states People hold animals in a state of tyranny. This tyranny has caused and today is still causing an amount of pain and suffering that can only be compared with that which resulted from the centuries of tyranny by white humans over black humans (7). He argues that animals should be treated with the same rights as humans. He asks for humans to really question animal treatment and to give animals the same consideration as any other species, including humans (7). Four basic principles were outlined as a result of the animal rights movement beginning in 1975. First: Pain is bad, no matter whose pain it might beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This does not mean that pain is the only thing that is bad, or that inflicting pain is always wrong. Sometimes it may be necessary to inflict pain and suffering on oneself or othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.But this is justified because it will lead to less suffering in the long run; the pain is still in itself a bad thing. Second: Humans are not the only beings capable of feeling pain or sufferingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Of course, the nature of the beings will affect how much pain they suffer in any given situation. Third: When we consider how serious it is to take a life, we should look, not at race, sex, or species to which that being belongs, but at characteristics of the one being killed, for example, its own desire about continuing to live, or the kind of life it is capable of leading. Forth: We are responsible not only for what we do but also for what we could have preventedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. We should consider the consequences both of what we do and of what we decide not to do (7, 8.). However, some animal-rights activists and organizations believe that Singers views were not enough. He opposed most experimentation if it was not for the benef it of science, when the argument should have been all experimentation. An individual introduced after Singer in Animal Rights, Steven M. Wise, is an author and a law professor who generally shares the beliefs of Singer, but he is one that agrees that the controversy that all animal experimentation is unacceptable. Wise argues that animals deserve legal rights just as the human race does, because, although many dont believe him, he thinks that animals are just as dependent as humans. Many humans believe that because animals are, most of the time, dependent on humans to take care of them, they dont deserve the basic legal rights, but Wise counters this argument by stating, Human babies, for example, do not act autonomously, yet they have rights (64.). He also counters the particular argument that animals lack the ability to think rationally, make decisions, and understand emotions such as the human brain and therefore dont deserve rights, with the growing evidence that some animals, particularly nonhuman primates, have extraordinary mental capabilities (6 4.) He continues to fight for and teach others about animal rights and experimentation. Contradicting the proposals of Singer and Wise, is the philosophy that animals lack souls and the ability to reason, justifying the use of animals for experimentation (122.) Animal Experimentation is used mainly in the Cosmetics Industry but also in the Drug, Food Additives, Supplements, Household Products, Pesticides, and Industrial Chemical Industries, and is still conducted in the United Kingdom and possibly in Universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and military defense establishments. Animal experimentation has been proven in many cases to improve medicine and science, and this is the viewpoint in which Professor Carl Cohen bases his beliefs that animal experimentation is necessary. Cohen argues that experiments on animals are necessary in order to safeguard and improve human health and well-being (128.) In saying this, he implies that without experimentation on animals, vaccines for malaria and polio would have never been invented. He feels th at none of the above industries could have advanced today without animals to experiment on. Frank Gannon is an individual who has quite a different opinion than Singer, Wise, and Cohen. Animal testing can be both beneficial and non-beneficial, and Gannon feels that a middle ground must be reached. Gannon published a journal article in EMBO Reports stating, The debate over whether and how scientists should use animal models has been inflammatory, and the opposing viewpoints are difficult to reconcile (519.) Animal-rights protesters argue that the use of animals for experimentation should be completely abolished. According to Gannon, Many scientists insist that some experiments require the use of animals and want to minimize regulation, arguing that it would impede their research, but most scientists try to limit experiments on animals. Gannon believes that society must find the middle ground-avoiding the cruel and unnecessary abuse of animals in research while accepting and allowing their use if it benefits society. He feels that in order for our society to flourish and beco me more medically advanced, its necessary to test on animals as long as its not flagrant abuse. New products have to be tested in order to be proven effective. William Hamblin, author of another online journal article, takes Gannons belief to the next step. Hamblin mainly supports animal experimentation by stating Animal testing is used in several areas of research. The three main areas are pure research, drug testing, and the testing of cosmetics, and many good things have come from experiments in these areas. Animal testing has played a very important role in medical advancement. Hes for it, because less than ten percent of house pets are used for experimentation. He speaks against the ethical argument pointing out that even though humans know animals experience pain, non-human subject suffer less due to their incapability to remember and anticipate pain. Hamblin supports animal testing, because so many advancements as an outcome outweigh all of the rodents that die, because most of the animals used in testing today are, in fact, lab rats and mice. An interesting viewpoint pertaining to animal experimentation, using Hamblins beliefs as a basis, comes from Tipu Aziz, a neurosurgeon in Oxford who is pro-animal testing and speaks publicly about using animals to test cosmetics products. Aziz disagrees with the host of writers in Animal Rights. Aziz said, People talk about cosmetics being the ultimate evil, but beautifying one has been going on since we were cavemen. If its not proven to reduce suffering through animal tests, its not wrong to use them. Aziz uses monkeys in his research in order to research improvements towards Parkinsons disease. Primates are very similar to humans, especially on the intellectual level. He isnt afraid to be a vocal supporter, according to interviewer for The Guardian, Jane Marshall, and would like to inform others that animal testing is necessary for medical and scientific advancement. After all, hes doing it for the benefits of the human race. His justifications for animal experimentation, along wi th those of Gannon and Hamblin, are that this is how we humans advance in industries, especially medical and scientific which are needed for our society to develop. He reasons that its not a fact that animals suffer from testing, and until proven, its acceptable to improve our civilization through testing. Testing helps researchers develop cures for diseases and save human life. The only way to learn about something is to test it, and as long as animals dont suffer, theres nothing wrong with it. After researching and reading various beliefs of professors and philosophers who are for animal rights and against experimentation, journal authors who believe in a compromise, and scientists who see no wrong in experimenting on animals, my argument for animal rights and against experimentation has slightly changed. I still feel that animals should have legal rights, just as humans, and experimentation is unethical, but I agree with Gannon and Hamblin on the fact that society must find the middle ground. As long as the testing that occurs isnt abusive, its important for our society to become more medically and scientifically advanced. The animal-rights activists need to accept within all reality that in the labs, its not proven that scientists are abusing animals. Scientists test new products on rats and mice for the improvement of human life. As long as animals arent being hurt and we are finding cures for diseases, there needs to be a compromise and the controversy should end.

Congestive Heart Failure Essay

Abstract The prevalence of congestive heart failure is on the increase both in the United States and all over the world, and it is the leading cause of hospitalization in the elderly population. Congestive heart failure is a progressive disease generally seen in the elderly, which if not properly managed, can lead to repeated hospital admissions or death. Heart failure means that the heart muscle is weakened. A weakened heart muscle may not be strong enough to pump an adequate amount of blood out of its chambers. To compensate for its diminished pumping capacity, the heart may enlarge. Commonly, the heart’s pumping inefficiency causes a buildup of blood in the lungs, a condition called pulmonary congestion. Prevalence Congestive heart failure continues to grow in prevalence due to the ageing population and the survival rates of myocardial infarctions (Fundukian, 2011). Congestive heart failure means that the heart is still pumping blood, but at a slower rate than normal, so the pressure in the heart starts to increase as a result. This slower heart rate causes the heart to be unable to pump enough blood to provide the rest of the body with the amount of nutrients and oxygen that it needs. As the pressure increases in the heart, the chambers stretch to hold more blood, or they become stiff and thickened. This compensation mechanism works, but eventually the myocardium will weaken and the heart will decrease in its efficiency to pump blood. This results in a reduction of blood supply to the kidneys, which then begin to lose their ability to excrete salt and water. This lessened function of the kidney causes the body to retain more fluid. The fluid build-up then leads to edema or congestion of tissue s (Fundukian, 2011). Incidence Congestive heart failure is a serious condition with significant morbidity  and mortality. In the United States, African Americans significantly have a higher risk for developing CHF than other ethnic groups, whether or not the heart failure is preceded by a myocardial infarction. Hypertension and diabetes are more prevalent in African Americans, and that explains a large part of the racial and ethnic differences in the risks for developing CHF (Gore, 2008). Assessment. Patient’s demographics, clinical history, alongside with complete history and physical is obtained by the nurse. Head to toe assessment is done to check for any physical signs of complications from the disease, commonly dependent edema, and the functional status of the patient. The functional status, which includes the activities of daily living (ADL), is assessed to determine the severity of the disease (Ramos, Prata, Goncalves, & Coelho, 2013).In addition to the physical assessment, brain natruretic peptid (BNP), a hormone that checks for the functionality of the heart is also checked, and is a measuring tool to diagnose CHF (Ramos, Prata, Goncalves, & Coelho, 2013). Pathophysiology. Heart failure may be classified according to the side of the heart affected, (left- or right-sided failure), or by the cardiac cycle involved, (systolic or diastolic dysfunction)(Haydock & Cowie, 2010). Late blood supply edema may develop (Haydock & Cowie, 2010). Where edema occurs depends on what side of the heart is failing. Left-sided heart failure results from the inability of the left ventricle to function properly. Blood fails to get out to other parts of the body as quickly as it returns from the lungs. When blood doesn’t get back to the heart, it backs up in the lungs blood vessels. Blood is then forced into the intracellular space in the lungs causing pulmonary edema (Haydock & Cowie, 2010). Right-sided heart failure results from the inability of the right ventricle to function properly. Blood isn’t pumped to the lungs as quickly as it returns from the other parts of the body. Fluid then begins to back up in the veins and pushes out into the tissues, causing edema, most often in the feet, lower legs, and ankles. (Haydock & Cowie, 2010). Sluggish blood flow also deprives organs of oxygen and other nutrients causing fatigue and difficultly with physical exertion. The heart tries to compensate for its lack of pumping ability by becoming hypertrophic. This causes the muscle in the heart’s wall to thicken thus improving the pumping  ability of the heart (Haydock & Cowie, 2010). The heart may also increase heart rate to improve output and circulation. The kidneys eventually join in by retaining salt and water to increase volume, but this extra fluid can cause edema and further complicate the situation. (Haydock & Cowie,2010). Despite varying etiologies, there are molecular and biochemical features that contribute to heart failure (Keys & Kotch, 2004). Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes enhancement of the adrenergic system, which in effect, contributes to loss of cardiac function. Enhancement of adrenergic functions can lead to hypertension in susceptible individuals, and in effect, contributes to heart failure (Keys & Kotch, 2004). Causes. Causes of congestive heart failure could be coronary artery disease (CAD), which is when the arteries that supply the heart with oxygen and blood become blocked or narrowed. Other causes include previous heart attack due to the tissue scarring, or cardiomyopathy which is damage to the heart muscle. Cardiomyopathy is caused by problems other than decreased blood flow. The causes include infections, alcohol, or drug use. Other factors that can contribute to congestive heart failure are hypertension, heart valve disease, thyroid disease, kidney disease, di abetes, or congenital heart defects (Fundukian, 2011) Symptoms. Symptoms of congestive heart failure consist of fatigue, dependent edema, fluid build-up in the lungs, increase in urination because of the extra fluid, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and decreased appetite (Fundukian, 2011). Diagnosis of CHF is done first by physical examination, such as heart rate, and heart sounds or murmurs. If a physician believes more tests are needed, common ones include an electrocardiogram or chest x-ray to detect previous heart attacks, arrhythmia, or heart enlargement, and echocardiogram using ultrasound to image the heart muscle, valves, and blood flow patterns. The physician may also want to do a heart catheterization, to allow the arteries of the heart to be visualized using angiography. Upon getting a diagnosis of CHF, the physician will usually start with asking the patient to change things in their diet, such going to a low sodium diet. They may also want to prescribe medications. Types of medications could include angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,  which block formation of angiotensin II hormone, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) to block the action of angiotensin II at the receptor site, and diuretics, just to name a few (Fundukian, 2011). If these primary treatments are ineffective for the patient, the physician may want to revert to other methods such as surgery. Depending on the specific problem in the heart, the physician could recommend bypass surgery, to route blood around the blocked artery, heart valve surgery for replacement or repair of a dysfunctional valve, or infarct exclusion surgery to remove scar tissue that accumulated due to a previous heart attack. The final measures would be placement of a left ventricular assisted device (LVAD), which helps to pump blood throughout the body. This is usually only used in patients who are waiting for a heart transplant. The outcome or prognosis of congestive heart failure is extremely variable. It is usually related to its functional class. These functional classes are Class 1, patient has a weakened heart but is without symptoms or limitation, Class 2, only limitation of heavier workloads, Class 3, limitation of everyday activity, and Class 4, severe symptoms at rest or with any degree of effort (Fundukian, 2011). Management of congestive heart failure. Healthcare workers play an important role in educating patients with congestive heart failure about the disease and how to manage it. According to Garcias and Wright (2010), congestive heart patients who are taught by knowledgeable nurses may have a better understanding of their disease and how to improve their quality of life and decrease mortality and hospital admission rates. Self-care is a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon that needs a comprehensive consideration of patients including their emotional situation, psychological characters, physical abilities, family support, living facilities, comorbidities (especially cognitive function) and their ability for learning. Insufficient knowledge about CHF, symptom recognition and ways of self-care along with hopelessness and psychological problems limited their abilities for an effective self-care. A supportive environment, motivation and adequate care programs using effective educational methods that build self-care skills, should be recommended to health care providers and families (Siabani, Leeder, & Davidson, 2013) There are several ways to prevent congestive heart failure. Diet management is a key factor in securing a future without  congestive heart failure. Maintaining a proper diet is crucial. Being overweight will act as a burden to the heart causing it to work harder to pump blood throughout the body. It is necessary to reduce sodium intake to avoid retaining fluids. The next step would be to increase potassium intake. Individuals who have congestive heart failure are usually prescribed diuretics to help excrete fluids causing a loss of potassium. Potassium can be found in green leafy vegetables and most fruits, particularly bananas, oranges, and dried fruit. Other factors for congestive heart failure prevention would involve exercise, not smoking and limited alcoho l consumption. (Haydock & Cowie, 2010). Various drugs are incorporated into treatment for congestive heart failure. The use of drugs is intended for reducing fluids within the body or to reduce blood pressure in the arteries of the body. Typical drugs used for treatment are Ace inhibitors, beta-blockers, digitalis, diuretics and vasodilators. Beta-blockers are intended to improve function for the left lower ventricular pumps. Diuretics are intended to assist in eliminating products that primarily contribute to congestion such as salt and water. Digitalis serves a very important role in strengthening the heart so it can serve as a more efficient, reliable, and effective pump. Treatment may involve surgery if the failure is a result of a poor functioning heart valve. Surgery could involve repair or replacement of a heart valve or in drastic cases, replacement of the heart itself (Gore, 2008). Lifestyle adjustment is necessary to effectively curtail the increasing prevalence of CHF. It is important should therefore optimize control of hypertension and diabetes (Gore, 2008). General treatment will also consist of exercise, weight loss, rest and specific attention to maintaining a suitable diet plan. The Practice Framework of a person that has congestive heart failure is greatly affected. Individuals must reduce the amount of exertion on their bodies to prevent over stimulating the heart. The limitations caused by the failure make performing even routine tasks more difficult. Some of the activities of daily living (ADL’s) that this individual might have issues with might be, getting dressed and undressed, toileting, personal hygiene, bathing and eating (Haydock & Cowie, 2010). To reduce hospitalization of the CHF patient, nurses must teach patients about illness, symptoms, diet, medication, and energy conservation. The more knowledge a nurse can give to a patient concerning CHF, the more  the patient can do to reduce hospitalizations. Gerontological nurses must provide high quality, research-based clinical care for these patients (Bushnell & Lopez, 1992). Conclusion: Congestive heart disease is a disease that grows fast in prevalence, causing a high rate of hospitalization every year. It is more prevalent in the elderly population. The symptoms of congestive heart failure mimic that of other diseases, but shortness of breath, fatigue, and dependent edema are common in patients. When taking care of patients with congestive heart failure, it is important to incorporate cultural and spiritual considerations. References Bushnell, F.K. & Lopez, E. (1992). Self care teaching: for congestive heart failure patients. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 18(10): 27-32 Fundukian, L. J., (2011). Congestive heart failure. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. 4th Ed. 2(4): 1142-1147. Detroit: Gale Cengage Learning Garcias, R.E., & Wright, V. R. (2010). Cardiology research and clinical developments: Congestive Heart Failure : Symptoms, Causes and Treatment. .† SciTech Book News Dec. 2010. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA243379576&v=2.1&u=vic_liberty&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=3d10bca3f720fda0cb553c2548646db8 Gore, J.M. (2008). Ethnicity and incidence of congestive heart failure. Journal Watch.Cardiology. Proquest. Haydock, P.M. & Cowie M.R. (2010). Heart failure: classification and pathophysiology. Medicine. 38(9). pp 467- 472. Keys J. R. & Kotch, W. J. (2004). The adrenergic pathway and heart failure. PubMed, 59, 13-30. Retrieved from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14749495. Ramos, S., Prata, J., Goncalves, S.R., & Coelho, R. (2013). Congestive heart failure and quality of life. Applied Research in Quality of Life. Springer Netherlands, 9(4)4, pp. 803 – 817 Siabani, S., Leeder, S.R., & Davidson, P.M. (2013).Barriers and facilitators to self-care in chronic heart failure: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. SpringerPlus 2013, 2:320 doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-320

Film/novel “True Grit” Essay

Out in a middle of nowhere, a man rides a horse in haste as if it were chasing after something. This is the common image of the cowboy that we have all become familiar with. In fact, it is next to impossible not to recognize the image of the cowboy because it is so powerful in pop cultural myths. It is interesting to examine the myth and image of the cowboy in a comparison of the legendary film/novel â€Å"True Grit† and the unique paintings of Remington Remington. A sparse description is the hallmark of the style of Remington’s usage of blurry touches and specific colors on the painting as seen in â€Å"against the sunset† which portrays a man’s masculinity in the form of a mythical hero figure of west. In the previously mentioned painting, Remington emphasized a man’s masculinity by using the environment of the painting. There is nothing in the frame besides the land and many small bushes. Although these bushes are small as a group they seem like an obstacle for a man. Moreover, their dark colors emit a negative image and even evoke threatening obstructions for a challenger. However, as a man, he seems to be not hesitating to face challenges in front him, but rather to keep going forward even faster. Although it seems like sun is setting, a man still rides a horse and never looks down in twilight. Just like Mattie he must be not â€Å"scared of the dark† (True Grit 60). Also it seems like the unknown man’s image is similar to my opinion of LaBoeuf from â€Å"True Grit†. The unknown man is â€Å"wearing two revolvers† (True Grit 67) just like LaBoeuf. Also, his â€Å"belt [is] thick and wide and bedecked with cartridges† (True Grit 67). Additionally, his appearance matches with LaBoeuf although his face is blurry on the painting. Also he looks like he is â€Å"around thirty years of age† (True Grit 67). There are other similarities, In the novel â€Å"True Grit†, though LaBoeuf was not as good at shooting as Rooster, he did not fear chasing a criminal in Unknown Territory which can be very dangerous for strangers. Also, at the novel’s conclusion, he sacrifices himself for â€Å"little sister Mattie† proving that he is also a man with â€Å"true grit†. As a result, LaBoeuf-like image evokes an essence similar to the unknown man’s masculinity. On the other hand, â€Å"against the sunset† gives an image of changes through its back ground color and empty surroundings. The unknown man seems almost lonely in the painting with no buildings or people around. However, â€Å"An area of free land† (Turner 199) portrays this image of the west during the nineteenth century which was a period of sudden change. By the time when Eastern part of the United States became industrialized, the west still remained a wilderness. However, many people started to immigrate west because the west was the land of opportunity. Therefore, many immigrants and migrants were â€Å"compelled to adapt themselves to the changes†¦ involved in crossing a continent, in defeating a wilderness and in [developing the newly expanded territory] out of the primitive economic and political conditions of the frontier into the complexity of city life† (Turner 199). As Turner said, developing caused many changes in the west including economic status, surroundings, and political view. Now, the portrait â€Å"Sunset† makes distinguishable the day and the night. As sun goes down and the whole colors of surrounding changes. Shadow gets shorter and shorter and by the time the sun sets, it disappears. As visible in Remington’s piece, the background color remains very bright and looks like a strange mix of yellow and orange. It must be right when sun set started. However, if the artist was intended to capture one additional, the image would turn out to be whole different color. Also, it already seems to appear darker because the edges of painting depict themselves darker than the middle. Also, although it is not shown in the painting completely, we can imagine that soon the twilight will be gone. â€Å"Against the sunset† also evokes an image of mythical hero figure by cowboy-like dressed man. It is ironic that even though cowboy does not maintain a particular status and never was what is considered a â€Å"cowboy† by their stereotyped and commonly depicted appearance. Of course, what is real and what we expect are clearly not the same item, but it does not matter. What does matter is that our expectations in the image we have are met (that is, the cowboy wears a cowboy hat and not a derby) and that the character is presented in slightly dissimilar manner as well so that we are not treated to everything we expect. In other words, there must be some deviations and subtle if not outright differences present so we experience something new enough to pique our interested while staying within the framework of our expectations of the genre. For example, Rooster, the narrator from â€Å"True Grit†, never said that he is a cowboy, but we categorize him as a cowboy anyway. He is old, but tall, big, â€Å"one-eyed† man, and â€Å"wear[s]† a dusty black suit of clothes (True Grit 40). It is not described in the book in a detail, but it is clear in the movie that he wears cowboy hats and carries big rifles with him. Just as people categorize native Indians by skin color and appearance, cowboys are categorized by their way of dress, their status and masculinity. In a manner similar to Rooster, the Unknown Man seems to be a â€Å"cowboy† because he wears cowboy hat, leather vest, and dusty pants. By the mere fact that the Unknown Man looks like cowboy makes him very powerful because from the media and books we have always receive impression that cowboys symbolize justice, machism and a heroism. In a way, the novel â€Å"True Grit† portrays Rooster as a super hero who is not a mere human. When Rooster meets Lucky Ned Pepper’s gang, he faces a crisis because it was a showdown between him alone versus three relatively young men. However, by way of a miracle, Rooster stays alive and manages to kill all three of the other men. This determines Rooster’s character as a super hero because in reality such melodrama could never actually happen. (It is more akin to a RAMBO film than a serious treatise on life in the old west) This is similar in how the way of dress makes the Unknown Man’s image similar to the super hero Rooster. From this connection, we provide the Unknown Man with many known traits that we have come to expect from a cowboy. These expectations are overwhelming and they create an image that transfers our positive images from one source (cowboy films, novels, etc) to the portrait. In a way the portrait â€Å"air lifts† imagery from another area that is already established as having certain positive traits. The cowboy image is powerful enough to do this because the cowboy is a character that is the essence of independence and the American spirit. It is a difficult thing to depart from the collective and live the life of the individual. This is what the cowboy does and he gains massive respect and an eternal mythos because of it. The cowboy is a complex individual and this complexity manifests itself in different mediums that borrow from the cowboy’s rich history. This mythos of the cowboy can be seen in novels/films such as â€Å"True Grit† and in the amazing portraits of Remington. The mythos becomes even more interesting when one looks at the mythos and compares it to the portraits and â€Å"True Grit. † From this examination, we learn the mythos is more powerful than we ever imagined.

oung Thomas Edison essays

oung Thomas Edison essays I read the book Young Thomas Edison , by Sterling North. The book tells about Edison's Young life and how he greatly succeeded through out the years. It tells about his greatest inventions and Edisons Historic sites and how her became the greatest inventor Thomas Alva Edison was born of February of 1847, in Milan Ohio. He was the seventh and last child of Nancy Edison and Samuel Edison. Thomas Alva Edison inherited much of his intelligence from Nancy Elliot Edison. Nancy Edison would read books to Thomas Edison about scientists. That's when Edison got interested in When Thomas Alva Edison was ten, he and his family moved to a small town in Purt, Hacon. There he had his own laboratory in the basement. At the age of eleven Edison and his friend would raise ten acces of vegetables. Then they would plant them and they would sell them around town. They wanted to earn money so they could give it to the family. They wanted to do this because they had financial problems. When Thomas Alva Edison was older he worked as a trainboy and would sell candies and newspapers. One day Thomas Edison's father realized that Edison was deaf from one ear. Thomas Edison became deaf from working on the locomotive. When Edison was working as a trainboy he got the idea of inventing a telegraph. When Edison was in his twenties he earned many patents by inventing the lightball, telegram, telegraph and many more inventions. Edison's second wife was Mrs. Mina Miller Edison. Edison had many chemical laboratories in his life. On 1931, Thomas Alva died when he collapsed. By this his inventions we have are street lights, I would really recommend this book to any one because Thomas Alva Edison is ...

Regarding the Pain of Others essays

Regarding the Pain of Others essays Sontag's book takes an intimate look at the way we chronicle war and death in our society. Her essays on photography have become legendary, and this book is no exception. Sontag believes that seeing graphic displays of the horrors of war have left us jaded and unemotional about what we are viewing. As she notes late in the book, "To speak of reality becoming a spectacle is a breathtaking provincialism. It universalizes the viewing habits of a small, educated population living in the rich part of the world, where news has been converted into entertainment" (Sontag 110). Sontag discusses photography from as far back as America's Civil War, and uses the thoughts and writings of others to help make her case, that modern photojournalism has numbed us to the horrors of war, and as such, actually It is quite clear Sontag is a fan of photography and what it can capture, and that she is not a far of war or terror. She notes, "Ever since cameras were invented in 1839, photography has kept company with death" (Sontag 24). This is an interesting and compelling look at photography. People tend to think of photography as a means to capture occasions to remember - birthdays, anniversaries, weddings, and such. However, Sontag's view of photography is much darker, but certainly more based in reality. Photography freezes a moment in time, and good photography can move a viewer to a wide range of emotions. All one has to do is view of photo of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center towers, and violent and vivid emotions almost always come into play. This is the foundation of Sontag's thesis, that photography can elicit violent emotions, but that society has become so used to seeing violent photography, that we are immune to the horrors, and out of touch with the violence and terror of war. The vivid photos of destruction and ...

Information Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Information Technology - Research Paper Example However, the same cloud computing program has some weaknesses. First, possible data loss may occur when the chosen cloud computing site malfunctions. Second, confidential data may be leaked by cloud computing hackers (Dhanjani, 2009). Third, Cloud computing site employees or management personnel will retrieve and/or use the uploaded cloud computing information for profit or other illegal purposes. Vodafone educational technology Vodafone came up with a new technology during 2014. The new technology aims to bridge the information technology gap between parents and their children (Bateman, 2015). With the parents falling behind in terms of information technology I.Q., Vodafone offers free information technology lessons to parents of enrolled children. Pilot studies were conducted in some selected North London and South London elementary schools during 2014. Specifically, the school in London’s Wiltshire and Rugby communities were included in Vodafone’s child and parent joint information technology programs. Further, the program has its strengths. First, parents will learn to keep abreast with continually changing information technology. Second, the Vodafone program creates a stronger bond between parents and their elementary children. Third, the parent’s new information technology capability will enhance the parents’ communication-based work outputs at home and at work (Bateman, 2015). However, the same program some weaknesses. First, uninterested parents cannot be forced to learn the new technology.

Letter Of Application to Honors Marketing Program Essay - 1

Letter Of Application to Honors Marketing Program - Essay Example During my years as a student at I have taken part in several extra-curricular programs. I have been the Marketing Coordinator for the University Radio Station, a charter member of the University Marketing Association, and I am the founder and President of the University Consulting Group. I have also put considerable effort into gaining hands-on experience through work. I have completed internships with the Illinois Attorney General’s Officer as a Law Clerk, with Morgan Stanley as a Marketing Assistant, and most recently with the Illinois State Senator’s Officer as an Assistant to the Senator. In addition to this I am the President of Press Play Promotions, an entertainment promotions company which plans and promotes events at venues throughout the Chicago area. I have acquired valuable skills from these activities, not the least of which is the ability to prioritize my work and manage my time effectively. My particular aim with my extra-curricular activities was to work on my leadership skills, and I feel I have accomplished that effectively. Leading Press Play Promotions has allowed me to further refine these skills, as I direct a staff of fifteen in this company. In addition, Press Play Promotions has been invaluable to me in honing my entrepreneurial and promotional skills. Working at Morgan Stanley was also a very valuable experience, as at this firm I worked in a cohesive team that recruited new clients via presentations which utilized several different media. I have attained many skills which will be of use to me in my chosen field of work, and feel that my combination of skills is highly suitable for helping me attain my career goals. After graduation I will take up a Marketing Business Development position with in Chicago. I am hoping to be able to attend the part time Honors Program in conjunction with my work at the firm. Ultimately I intend to draw on my experience with Press Play

Argument for Lowering The Drinking Age to 18 Essay

Argument for Lowering The Drinking Age to 18 - Essay Example Banning drinking age at 18 will not stop teenagers from drinking. Some adults may have the impression that since it is made illegal to drink at age 18, then it would stop teenagers from drinking. On the contrary, the prohibition will not stop teenagers from drinking and that will even add to the thrill of drinking alcohol. Instead of stopping it, the prohibition will even have the effect of encouraging teenagers to drink. Banning alcohol at age 18 will just make teenagers hide when they are drinking and it is more dangerous. Adults or supervising authority may have the impression that they have stopped drinking but in fact, the drinking just went underground. This time, teenagers drink without the presence of adult supervision and this an unsafe environment for kids to drink. It is in this environment that excesses happen that often leads to the fatal outcome that some college presidents have aired their concern that drinking underground contributes to alcohol excesses among teenagers (Wechsler, 2010 pg. 987). Also, it is in this environment that beer binges and fighting occurs because teenagers tend to seize the moment and drink a lot until they could no longer control themselves. Also, 18 years old does not differ from age 21 in terms of the judgment. People may argue that older is better but being 21 does not make one wiser in terms of alcohol drinking. Delaying drinking age to 21 years old does not make one a more responsible drinker. In fact, delaying it promotes an irresponsible drinking behavior because teenagers will have to hide drinking first before they can drink in the open at age 21. So by the time they are already legal to drink to age 21, they have already developed the habit of drinking excessively because they were used to drink in an unsafe environment.

Native Americans in the United States Essay Example for Free

Native Americans in the United States Essay Dentify the economic, political, and/or social causes of the Civil War assess the influence of individuals and groups in the U. S. government on Reconstruction assess the influence of individuals and groups in the South on Reconstruction distinguish and analyze the freedoms guaranteed to African Americans in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution analyze the various components of Jim Crow legislation and their effects on Southern minorities describe efforts by the U. S. Government to assimilate Native Americans into American culture identify significant events that impacted the relationship between the government, Native Americans, and American citizens identify settlement patterns in the American West, the reservation system, and/or the tribulations of the Native Americans from 1865–90 After completing this lesson, you will be able to evaluate the causes and consequences of the Civil War identify the economic, political, and/or social causes of the Civil War assess the influence of individuals and groups in the U. S. government on Reconstruction assess the influence of individuals and groups in the South on Reconstruction distinguish and analyze the freedoms guaranteed to African Americans in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution analyze the various components of Jim Crow legislation and their distinguish and analyze the freedoms guaranteed to African Americans in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution effects on Southern minorities describe efforts by the U. S. Government to assimilate Native Americans into American culture identify significant events that impacted the relationship between the government, Native Americans, and American citizens identify settlement patterns in the American West, the reservation system, and/or the tribulations of the Native Americans from 1865–90After completing this lesson, you will be able to evaluate the causes and consequences of the Civil War identify the economic, political, and/or social causes of the Civil War assess the influence of individuals and groups in the U. S. Government on Reconstruction assess the influence of individuals and groups in the South on Reconstruction distinguish and analyze the freedoms guaranteed to African Americans in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution analyze the various components of Jim Crow legislation and their effects on Southern minorities describe efforts by the U. S. government to assimilate Native Americans into American culture identify significant events that impacted the relationship between the government, Native Americans, and American citizens identify settlement patterns in the American West, the reservation system, and/or the tribulations of the Native Americans from 1865–90.

The Role of Women in Society :: Sociology History Females Gender Essays

The Role of Women in Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The role women play in today’s society is a drastic change from the previous role. Women used to be confined to the superiority of the man. Physically, mentally, and emotionally abused, belittled, embarrassed, and silenced. These are just a few examples of the emotion from the isolated treatment of the past. A woman’s role in today’s society is more valued than ever before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women have always been essential to society. Fifty to seventy years ago, a woman was no more than a house wife, caregiver, and at their husbands beck and call. Women had no personal opinion, no voice, and no freedom. They were suppressed by the sociable beliefs of man. A woman’s respectable place was always behind the masculine frame of a man. In the past a woman’s inferiority was not voluntary but instilled by elder women, and/or force. Many, would like to know why? Why was a woman such a threat to a man? Was it just about man’s ability to control, and overpower a woman, or was there a serious threat? Well, everyone has there own opinion about the cause of the past oppression of woman, it is currently still a popular argument today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thanks to our strong, motivated, committed, dedicated, and determined women: who fought for the valued rights of woman everywhere. Without all the feminist, and woman activist women would probably still be oppress. Thank you to women like Eleanor Smeal, Bonnie Briggs, Maya Angleou, and Ms. Bensedrine, and Sadie Alexander (founder of DST).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women today have excelled to unreachable heights. Today women are out in the workforce, the professional world, the military, and there are those that are still at home, but by choose. A woman’s value has skyrocketed over these past decades. A woman today can do anything a man can and more.

Food Justice Essay

Walking into the lecture I had no clue what food justice meant. If anything, I figured the lecture had to do with justice for fair trade for farmers or the justice in regulation of genetically modified foods. Instead it turned out to be justice that seeks to ensure that the risk associated with growing, producing, transporting, distributing, eating, access to food is shared by everyone fairly. After Professor Kieth Pezzoli gave a little explanation about food justice and its purpose I began to see the â€Å"background stuff† that goes on to get my food on my plate. I was beginning to see that the food that gets into my stomach has probably traveled to more places around the US than I will ever be. What was really interesting was learning that food that gets cultivated here will be shipped up north or elsewhere to be processed and then shipped back to California. In addition, all the traveling that my food not only waste time but also is detrimental to the environment due to the pollution caused by the vehicles that ship my food all around to be processed. Even though my food travels thousands of miles before it reaches me Professor Brad Werner made an interesting point in that we may never notice this process because of modern advancement in transportation and communication. The ability to easily receive my food is due to all the technology we have and having this ease of purchasing food is known as a low friction transaction. On the other hand, when it is difficult to purchase food due to varying factors this is known as a high friction transaction. Lastly Professor Jericho Burg demonstrated how the problems we face with food justice here in the states stretches far beyond our borders due to the excess food we give out to other countries in famine through food aid. Like many things good intentions sometimes have negative effects and there needs to be a re-evaluation and reform on the system we currently use to help others including ourselves.

Teens and Sex Education

Teens and Sex Education | | |Home >>Teen Sexuality | |[pic] | | | |[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] | |Teen sex education, or teen sex ed, is important for helping teens to understand the changes in their bodies and in their | |relationships during the teenage years.Sex education helps teens make healthy choices about relationships and sex. | |Sex education for teens should start well before the teenage years. Starting early, parents should have age-appropriate | |discussions with their children about love, relationships, values, and sex. It is appropriate to give children and teens honest, | |clear answers when they ask questions about their bodies or about relationships. For young children these answers do not need to | |be graphic, but should be straightforward. |If parents make sex education an open, ongoing discussion with their child, by the time the child is a teen he or she will feel | |more comfortable asking his or her parents questions about sex and the changes brought about by sexual development in the teen | |years.Parental opinion is one of the most important factors teens use to make decisions about sex. If parents have not educated | |their teens about sex, or discourage questions from their teens, the teens will get more of their sex education from friends and | |the media, which are not reliable sources. |Teens do learn about sex from television, movies, music, and magazines; those teens who were exposed to sex through any of these | |media when young are more likely to begin having sex at an early age. The need to correct the false impressions teens may get | |from the media about sex is an important reason that teens should get sex education from their parents. | |Sex education conducted through schools or religious groups can also help to correct the misinformed and sometimes deceptive sex | |education teens get from the media and from friends.Some types of sex education presented by schools or religious organizations | |for children an d teens might include: | |Good touch-bad touch talks for elementary students, teaching them that they have the right to be safe from inappropriate physical| |contact, and that they should respect this right in others. | |Basic descriptions of the reproductive system, usually presented in middle school, before puberty, to pre-teens separated by | |gender. |Discussions of human sexuality, sexually transmitted diseases, and types of birth control, including abstinence, usually | |presented to teens in high school sex education courses. | |Value-based, age-appropriate discussions about relationships and sexuality offered by religious groups. | |These sex education classes generally require parental approval before the child or teen can participate, and give parents | |another opportunity to discuss relationships and values with their children or teens.Schools, religious groups, and community | |organizations may also offer advice or written materials to help parents talk to their teens about sex. | |Some parents are afraid that teen sex education encourages their teens to have sex. A recent study in Texas, however, found that | |teens who took a two week sex education class became more interested in waiting until after high school to have sex; before the | |class 84 percent of the teens wanted to wait, and after the class 87 percent were planning on waiting.Also, before the class 60 | |percent of the teens said they wanted to wait until marriage to have sex, and after the class 71 percent were planning on | |abstaining until marriage. | |The likelihood that teens will have sex is also reduced if they watch less than 2 hours of television on school nights, attend | |religious services, and come from a family with both parents. | |Parents, whether married or single, are still the strongest influence on the choices their teens make about sex. By being | |involved in their teens' sex education, parents can help their teens develop healthy attitudes about love and sex. |